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http://feb.knu.ac.kr/cafe/?myhomeboard.1014.
¡° ½ÄÇ°»ýÈ­ÇÐ ¹®Á¦ Ç®¾îº¸½Ç·¡¿ä? ¡±
½ÄÇ°»ýÈ­ÇÐ ¹®Á¦ Ç®¾îº¸½Ç·¡¿ä?
(1) »ýü ³» ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç´Â ATP°¡ ¡®biological cash¡¯¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á߽ɴܾî(key words)¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ë(Àû»ö ¶Ç´Â box·Î Ç¥±â)ÇÏ¿© ¿Ö ATP°¡ »ýü ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
Key words: solar energy, evolution, ribozyme, photosynthesis, starch, glucose, glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, ADP, AMP, -7.3 kcal/mol, coupled reactions

´ÙÀ½ °¢ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Àаí O, X¸¦ ±âÀÔÇϽÿÀ. XÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Ʋ¸° °÷À» °íÄ¡½Ã¿À. °¢2Á¡
(1) Uncoupling proteinÀº whitening effect¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù (         )
(2) Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1Àº obesity¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù (        )
(3) Energy charge°¡ ³ôÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â  pyruvate dehydrogenase´Â swich onÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù (         )
(4) Reductant°¡ electronÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é oxidantÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù (        )
(5) Electron gradient°¡ ATPÀÇ driving force°¡ µÈ´Ù (       )
(6) Glucose 1-phosphate hydrogenase°¡ ROSÀÇ defense¿¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù (       )
(7) Hexokinase´Â 1ºÐÀÚÀÇ ATP Á¸Àç ÇÏ¿¡¼­ Mg³ª Mn++°¡ ÀÌ¿ÂÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼­ °¡¿ªÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÃËÁø½ÃŲ´Ù (       )
(8) Pentose phosphate pathway´Â Áö¹æ»ê »ýÇÕ¼º°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù (          )
(9) ATP, ADP, AMPÀÇ levelÀº »ýü ³»¿¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì Àß Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô À¯ÁöµÇ´Âµ¥ °¢ ³óµµ Áß ADPÀÇ ³óµµ°¡ °¡Àå ³ô´Ù (        )

Write the best answer to each question. °¢5Á¡
(11) During glucose metabolism, (         ) is used in reductive biosynthesis, whereas ribose 5-phosphate is used in the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and nucleotide coenzymes.
(12) What are the cellular defense strategies against oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species? Chief among them is the enzyme (           ).
This enzyme scavenges superoxide radicals by catalyzing the conversion of two of these radicals into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.
(13) (           ) is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.  

´ÙÀ½À» ¹ø¿ªÇϽÿÀ.  7Á¡
(14) About 30 molecules of ATP are generated when a molecule of glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Electron transport is normally tightly coupled to phosphorylation. NADH and FADH2 are oxidized only if ADP is simultaneously phosphorylated to ATP, a form of regulation called acceptor or respiratory control.  Proteins have been identified that uncouple electron transport and ATP synthesis for the generation of heat. Uncouplers such as DNP also can disrupt this coupling; they dissipate the proton gradient by carrying protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

¾Æ·¡ 15-17¹øÀº Å°¿öµå¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϰųª ±×¸²À» ±×·Á¼­ »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¿ø¸®/°¡¼³¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ (°¢ ¹®Ç×Àº ÀÀ½ÃÀÚ Áß ÃÖ°íÁ¡À» ¸¸Á¡À¸·Î ÇÏ¿© »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î äÁ¡ÇÔ).   °¢20Á¡
(15) Pentose phosphate pathway¿¡¼­ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë»çÈ帧µµ¸¦ ±×·Á¼­ ¼³¸íÇØ º¸½Ã¿À(ATP, NADPH, DNA replicationÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿©).
(16) Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è·Î »êÈ­µÇ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è¸¦ ÅëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ glucose 1ºÐÀÚ°¡ ´ë»çµÈ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀüüÀûÀÎ metabolism mapÀ» ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ(ATP »ý¼º Ãø¸éÀ» ¼³¸í).
(17) TCA cycle¿¡¼­ anaplerotic reactionÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù¸é ¾î¶² ½Ã±â¿¡ ÀϾ´Â°¡? (´Ü, ³·Àº ³óµµÀÇ ATP ÁØÀ§¿¡¼­ glucose¿Í fatty acid·ÎºÎÅÍ acetyl CoA¸¦ °ÅÃļ­ TCA cycleÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ)  

´ÙÀ½ °¢ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Àаí O, X¸¦ ±âÀÔÇϽÿÀ. XÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Ʋ¸° °÷À» °íÄ¡½Ã¿À. °¢2Á¡
(1) Uncoupling proteinÀº whitening effect¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù (         )
(2) Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1Àº obesity¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù (        )
(3) Energy charge°¡ ³ôÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â  pyruvate dehydrogenase´Â swich onÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù (         )
(4) Reductant°¡ electronÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é oxidantÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù (           )
(5) Electron gradient°¡ ATPÀÇ driving force°¡ µÈ´Ù (          )
(6) Glucose 1-phosphate hydrogenase°¡ ROSÀÇ defense¿¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù (          )
(7) Pentose phosphate pathway´Â Áö¹æ»ê »ýÇÕ¼º°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù (          )
(8) Apoptosis´Â ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼­ ƯÀÌÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇöµÇ¸ç caspase-3¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷³» ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ ºÐÇصȴ٠(            )

Write the best answer to each question. °¢5Á¡
(9) During glucose metabolism, (         ) is used in reductive biosynthesis, whereas ribose 5-phosphate is used in the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and nucleotide coenzymes.
(10) What are the cellular defense strategies against oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species? Chief among them is the enzyme (           ). This enzyme scavenges superoxide radicals by catalyzing the conversion of two of these radicals into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.
(11) (           ) is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.  

(2) »ýü ³» ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç´Â ATP°¡ ¡®biological cash¡¯¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á߽ɴܾî(key words)¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ë(Àû»ö ¶Ç´Â box·Î Ç¥±â)ÇÏ¿© ¿Ö ATP°¡ »ýü ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
Key words: solar energy, evolution, ribozyme, photosynthesis, starch, glucose, glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, ADP, AMP, -7.3 kcal/mol, coupled reactions
(3) 2020³â 11¿ù 11ÀÏ ¿ÀÀü9½Ã ÇöÀç, ¹Ì±¹ NCBIÀÇ PubMed¿¡¼­ ³í¹®°Ë»öÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ERK, p38, JNK¶õ ´Ü¾î 3°³°¡ µ¿½Ã¿¡ abstract¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â °úÇÐ³í¹®Àº 6,612°³³ª °Ë»öµÇ¾ú´Ù(2008³â 10¿ù 6ÀÏ ¿ÀÀü9½Ã´Â 2,300¿©°³À̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, 12³â ¸¸¿¡ 2.87¹è Áõ°¡!!!).
i) À§ 3°³ÀÇ ´Ü¾î(ERK, p38, JNK)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷(µ¿¹°¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ±¹ÇÑ) ³»·Î ½ÅÈ£°¡ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» ±×¸²À¸·Î ±×·Á¼­ signal (ligand)--> receptor --> G-coupled proteins --> MAPKs --> transcription factors·Î ½ÅÈ£(signal)°¡ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» ±×¸®½Ã¿À.
ii) ¸¸¾à ÀÌ ½ÅÈ£(signal)°¡ antigenÀ¸·Î¼­ transcription factor¿¡ Àü´ÞµÇ°í ÀÌ ÈÄ¿¡ ÀϾ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ antibody(¶Ç´Â proteins) »ý¼º°úÁ¤À» central dogma¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ÀÚ¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ±â¼úÇÏ¿© º¸½Ã¿À.
(4) Pentose phosphate pathway¿¡¼­ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë»çÈ帧µµ¸¦ 4°¡ÁöÀÇ ¸ðµå·Î ³ª´©¾î ±×¸²À¸·Î ¼³¸íÇØ º¸½Ã¿À(ATP, NADPH, DNA replicationÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿©).
(5) Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è·Î »êÈ­µÇ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è¸¦ ÅëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ glucose 1ºÐÀÚ°¡ ´ë»çµÈ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀüüÀûÀÎ metabolic mapÀ» ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ(ATP »ý¼º Ãø¸é°ú ÀÌÀÇ Á¶ÀýÃø¸éÀ» ¼³¸í).
(6) TCA cycle¿¡¼­ anaplerotic reactionÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù¸é ¾î¶² ½Ã±â¿¡ ÀϾ´Â°¡? (´Ü, ³·Àº ³óµµÀÇ ATP ÁØÀ§¿¡¼­ glucose¿Í fatty acid·ÎºÎÅÍ acetyl CoA¸¦ °ÅÃļ­ TCA cycleÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ±×¸²À¸·Î ¼³¸í).
(7) GlycogenÀÇ »ýÇÕ¼º°ú ºÐÇظ¦ ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ¼­¼úÇÏ°í, liver¿Í muscle¿¡¼­ glycogenÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÀÇÀǸ¦ ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.  
(8) Glycolysis °úÁ¤ÀÇ ´ë»ç´Â 3±ºµ¥ Áß 2±ºµ¥°¡ °¡Àå °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Á¶ÀýÆ÷ÀÎÆ®Àε¥, TCA cycleµµ ±×·Á¼­ ÀÌÀÇ Á¶Àý±âÀüÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ¿© º¸½Ã¿À.
(9) Uncoupling proteinÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÀÇÀÇ´Â ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ±×¸²À» ±×·Á¼­ ¼³¸íÇØ º¸½Ã¿À.
(10) Á¤»ó¼¼Æ÷¿Í ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷´Â ApoptosisÀÇ Çö»ó¿¡¼­´Â »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. À̸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³¸íÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?

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