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(1) »ýü ³» ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç´Â ATP°¡ ¡®biological cash¡¯¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á߽ɴܾî(key words)¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ë(Àû»ö ¶Ç´Â box·Î Ç¥±â)ÇÏ¿© ¿Ö ATP°¡ »ýü ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
Key words: solar energy, evolution, ribozyme, photosynthesis, starch, glucose, glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, ADP, AMP, -7.3 kcal/mol, coupled reactions
´ÙÀ½ °¢ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Àаí O, X¸¦ ±âÀÔÇϽÿÀ. XÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Ʋ¸° °÷À» °íÄ¡½Ã¿À. °¢2Á¡
(1) Uncoupling proteinÀº whitening effect¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù ( )
(2) Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1Àº obesity¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù ( )
(3) Energy charge°¡ ³ôÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â pyruvate dehydrogenase´Â swich onÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù ( )
(4) Reductant°¡ electronÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é oxidantÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù ( )
(5) Electron gradient°¡ ATPÀÇ driving force°¡ µÈ´Ù ( )
(6) Glucose 1-phosphate hydrogenase°¡ ROSÀÇ defense¿¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù ( )
(7) Hexokinase´Â 1ºÐÀÚÀÇ ATP Á¸Àç ÇÏ¿¡¼ Mg³ª Mn++°¡ ÀÌ¿ÂÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼ °¡¿ªÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÃËÁø½ÃŲ´Ù ( )
(8) Pentose phosphate pathway´Â Áö¹æ»ê »ýÇÕ¼º°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù ( )
(9) ATP, ADP, AMPÀÇ levelÀº »ýü ³»¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì Àß Á¤±³ÇÏ°Ô À¯ÁöµÇ´Âµ¥ °¢ ³óµµ Áß ADPÀÇ ³óµµ°¡ °¡Àå ³ô´Ù ( )
Write the best answer to each question. °¢5Á¡
(11) During glucose metabolism, ( ) is used in reductive biosynthesis, whereas ribose 5-phosphate is used in the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and nucleotide coenzymes.
(12) What are the cellular defense strategies against oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species? Chief among them is the enzyme ( ).
This enzyme scavenges superoxide radicals by catalyzing the conversion of two of these radicals into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.
(13) ( ) is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.
´ÙÀ½À» ¹ø¿ªÇϽÿÀ. 7Á¡
(14) About 30 molecules of ATP are generated when a molecule of glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Electron transport is normally tightly coupled to phosphorylation. NADH and FADH2 are oxidized only if ADP is simultaneously phosphorylated to ATP, a form of regulation called acceptor or respiratory control. Proteins have been identified that uncouple electron transport and ATP synthesis for the generation of heat. Uncouplers such as DNP also can disrupt this coupling; they dissipate the proton gradient by carrying protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
¾Æ·¡ 15-17¹øÀº Å°¿öµå¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϰųª ±×¸²À» ±×·Á¼ »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¿ø¸®/°¡¼³¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ (°¢ ¹®Ç×Àº ÀÀ½ÃÀÚ Áß ÃÖ°íÁ¡À» ¸¸Á¡À¸·Î ÇÏ¿© »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î äÁ¡ÇÔ). °¢20Á¡
(15) Pentose phosphate pathway¿¡¼ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë»çÈ帧µµ¸¦ ±×·Á¼ ¼³¸íÇØ º¸½Ã¿À(ATP, NADPH, DNA replicationÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿©).
(16) Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è·Î »êȵǴ °úÁ¤ÀÌ shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è¸¦ ÅëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ glucose 1ºÐÀÚ°¡ ´ë»çµÈ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀüüÀûÀÎ metabolism mapÀ» ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ(ATP »ý¼º Ãø¸éÀ» ¼³¸í).
(17) TCA cycle¿¡¼ anaplerotic reactionÀÌ ÀÏ¾î³´Ù¸é ¾î¶² ½Ã±â¿¡ ÀϾ´Â°¡? (´Ü, ³·Àº ³óµµÀÇ ATP ÁØÀ§¿¡¼ glucose¿Í fatty acid·ÎºÎÅÍ acetyl CoA¸¦ °ÅÃļ TCA cycleÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ)
´ÙÀ½ °¢ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Àаí O, X¸¦ ±âÀÔÇϽÿÀ. XÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Ʋ¸° °÷À» °íÄ¡½Ã¿À. °¢2Á¡
(1) Uncoupling proteinÀº whitening effect¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù ( )
(2) Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1Àº obesity¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù ( )
(3) Energy charge°¡ ³ôÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â pyruvate dehydrogenase´Â swich onÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù ( )
(4) Reductant°¡ electronÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸é oxidantÀÇ »óÅ·ΠµÈ´Ù ( )
(5) Electron gradient°¡ ATPÀÇ driving force°¡ µÈ´Ù ( )
(6) Glucose 1-phosphate hydrogenase°¡ ROSÀÇ defense¿¡ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù ( )
(7) Pentose phosphate pathway´Â Áö¹æ»ê »ýÇÕ¼º°ú ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù ( )
(8) Apoptosis´Â ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ ƯÀÌÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇöµÇ¸ç caspase-3¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼¼Æ÷³» ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ ºÐÇصȴ٠( )
Write the best answer to each question. °¢5Á¡
(9) During glucose metabolism, ( ) is used in reductive biosynthesis, whereas ribose 5-phosphate is used in the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and nucleotide coenzymes.
(10) What are the cellular defense strategies against oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species? Chief among them is the enzyme ( ). This enzyme scavenges superoxide radicals by catalyzing the conversion of two of these radicals into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.
(11) ( ) is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.
(2) »ýü ³» ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç´Â ATP°¡ ¡®biological cash¡¯¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á߽ɴܾî(key words)¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ë(Àû»ö ¶Ç´Â box·Î Ç¥±â)ÇÏ¿© ¿Ö ATP°¡ »ýü ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
Key words: solar energy, evolution, ribozyme, photosynthesis, starch, glucose, glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, ADP, AMP, -7.3 kcal/mol, coupled reactions
(3) 2020³â 11¿ù 11ÀÏ ¿ÀÀü9½Ã ÇöÀç, ¹Ì±¹ NCBIÀÇ PubMed¿¡¼ ³í¹®°Ë»öÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ERK, p38, JNK¶õ ´Ü¾î 3°³°¡ µ¿½Ã¿¡ abstract¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â °úÇÐ³í¹®Àº 6,612°³³ª °Ë»öµÇ¾ú´Ù(2008³â 10¿ù 6ÀÏ ¿ÀÀü9½Ã´Â 2,300¿©°³À̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, 12³â ¸¸¿¡ 2.87¹è Áõ°¡!!!).
i) À§ 3°³ÀÇ ´Ü¾î(ERK, p38, JNK)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷(µ¿¹°¼¼Æ÷¿¡ ±¹ÇÑ) ³»·Î ½ÅÈ£°¡ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» ±×¸²À¸·Î ±×·Á¼ signal (ligand)--> receptor --> G-coupled proteins --> MAPKs --> transcription factors·Î ½ÅÈ£(signal)°¡ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â °úÁ¤À» ±×¸®½Ã¿À.
ii) ¸¸¾à ÀÌ ½ÅÈ£(signal)°¡ antigenÀ¸·Î¼ transcription factor¿¡ Àü´ÞµÇ°í ÀÌ ÈÄ¿¡ ÀϾ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ antibody(¶Ç´Â proteins) »ý¼º°úÁ¤À» central dogma¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ÀÚ¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ±â¼úÇÏ¿© º¸½Ã¿À.
(4) Pentose phosphate pathway¿¡¼ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë»çÈ帧µµ¸¦ 4°¡ÁöÀÇ ¸ðµå·Î ³ª´©¾î ±×¸²À¸·Î ¼³¸íÇØ º¸½Ã¿À(ATP, NADPH, DNA replicationÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿©).
(5) Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è·Î »êȵǴ °úÁ¤ÀÌ shuttleÀ» ÅëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ÀüÀÚÀü´Þ°è¸¦ ÅëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ´Ù¸¥ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ glucose 1ºÐÀÚ°¡ ´ë»çµÈ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ÀüüÀûÀÎ metabolic mapÀ» ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ(ATP »ý¼º Ãø¸é°ú ÀÌÀÇ Á¶ÀýÃø¸éÀ» ¼³¸í).
(6) TCA cycle¿¡¼ anaplerotic reactionÀÌ ÀÏ¾î³´Ù¸é ¾î¶² ½Ã±â¿¡ ÀϾ´Â°¡? (´Ü, ³·Àº ³óµµÀÇ ATP ÁØÀ§¿¡¼ glucose¿Í fatty acid·ÎºÎÅÍ acetyl CoA¸¦ °ÅÃļ TCA cycleÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ±×¸²À¸·Î ¼³¸í).
(7) GlycogenÀÇ »ýÇÕ¼º°ú ºÐÇظ¦ ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ¼¼úÇÏ°í, liver¿Í muscle¿¡¼ glycogenÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÀÇÀǸ¦ ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
(8) Glycolysis °úÁ¤ÀÇ ´ë»ç´Â 3±ºµ¥ Áß 2±ºµ¥°¡ °¡Àå °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â Á¶ÀýÆ÷ÀÎÆ®Àε¥, TCA cycleµµ ±×·Á¼ ÀÌÀÇ Á¶Àý±âÀüÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ¿© º¸½Ã¿À.
(9) Uncoupling proteinÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ÀÇÀÇ´Â ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ±×¸²À» ±×·Á¼ ¼³¸íÇØ º¸½Ã¿À.
(10) Á¤»ó¼¼Æ÷¿Í ¾Ï¼¼Æ÷´Â ApoptosisÀÇ Çö»ó¿¡¼´Â »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù. À̸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³¸íÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?
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(1) »ýüºÐÀÚ»çÀÌÀÇ °¡¿ªÀû »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë¿¡¼ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â °áÇÕÀº covalent bonding, ionic bonding, hydrogen bondingÀÌ´Ù ( ).
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(4) ¼ö¼Ò³ª ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ÀÒ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀº »êȹÝÀÀÀÌ´Ù ( ).
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(7) »ýüÀÇ metabolismÀº ¿µ¾ç¼Ò¸¦ anabolismÀÇ °úÁ¤À¸·Î ºÐÇØÇÏ°í °æ¿ì¿¡ µû¶ó¼´Â catabolismÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »ýü¹°ÁúÀ» ÇÕ¼ºÇÑ´Ù ( ).
(8) DNAÀÇ Á¤º¸´Â translation°úÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© mRNA·Î ¿Å°ÜÁö°í À̸¦ transcriptionÇÏ¿© proteinÀ¸·Î ¸¸µç´Ù ( ).
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´ÙÀ½ÀÇ functional groupÀ» ±×¸®½Ã¿À (°¢ 5Á¡).
(20) hydroxyl ( ) (21) carbonyl ( ) (22) carboxyl ( ) (23) amino ( ) (24) thiol ( ) (25) ethyl ( )
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(26) CytoskeletonÀÇ ±â´É°ú ÀÌÀÇ Á¾·ù¸¦ »ó¼¼È÷ ±â¼úÇϽÿÀ.
(27) »ýü ³»¿¡¼ ¼ö¼Ò°áÇÔÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
(28) ProteasomeÀÇ ±â´ÉÀº?
´ÙÀ½À» ±×¸²À» ±×·Á¼ ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ. ÃÖ°íÁ¡°ú ÃÖÀúÁ¡À» »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© äÁ¡ÇÔ (°¢ 30Á¡).
(29) »ýüÀÇ ´ë»ç¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â È¿¼Ò¹ÝÀÀ 5°¡Áö¸¦ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ºÐÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
(30) Central dogma¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÌÀÇ Àü °úÁ¤À» ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼ signalÀÌ Àü´Þ(signal transduction)µÇ¾î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿© ±×¸²À¸·Î ±×¸®¸é¼ ¼³¸íÇÏ¿© º¸½Ã¿À.
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(1) ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÎü´Â ´ë·« ¾à 30Á¶°³ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù(¾à 30Á¶°³ÀÇ Àå³»¹Ì»ý¹°Àº Á¦¿Ü). °¢ ¼¼Æ÷´Â Ư¡ÀûÀÎ ºÐÈ ¹× ¹ß»ýÀÇ °úÁ¤À» °ÅÃÄ µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ¼ºÀå ¹× ¼¼Æ÷»ç¸êÀ» ÅëÇÑ homeostasis¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ controlÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Â ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ±×¸²À» ±×¸®°í À̸¦ Çϳª·Î ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
¨ç°¢ °³Ã¼¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â (ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ) ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀ» ¸ð½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½Ã¿À.
¨è±×¸®´Â °úÁ¤ Áß¿¡ 3Â÷¿øÀûÀÎ ÀÔü¸ð¾çÀ» °í·ÁÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½Ã¿À(2Â÷¿øÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ).
¨é°¢ organelle (±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò)À» ±×·Á ³Ö¾î º¸½Ã¿À(exsosome, melanosome, proteasomeÀº Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© 20¿©°³ ÀÌ»ó).
¨ê¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« ºñÁßÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÏ´Â ¹°Àº ¼¼Æ÷³»¿¡¼ ¾î¶² ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´ÂÁöµµ ±×¸²À¸·Î ¼³¸íÀ» ÇÏ¿© º¸½Ã¿À.
¨ë¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ¹°Áú(signal)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÇÙ ³»¿¡¼ Ç×ü°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ¾îÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿© central dogma¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ±×¸²À» ³ªÅ¸³»½Ã¿À.
´ÙÀ½¿¡ ÃÖÀûÀÇ ¿µ¾î´Ü¾î·Î Àû¾î ³ÖÀ¸½Ã¿À(°¢ 5Á¡)
(2) ( ) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ( ) transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.
(3) The ( ) is a network of fibers composed of proteins contained within a cell's cytoplasm. Although the name implies the
( ) to be stable, it is a dynamic structure, parts of which are constantly destroyed, renewed or newly constructed.
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´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ¸é °ýÈ£¿¡ O¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ°í »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸é À̸¦ »ç½Ç´ë·Î °íÄ¡½Ã¿À (°¢ 2Á¡)
(1) »ýüºÐÀÚ¿¡¼ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â °áÇÕ Áß °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °áÇÕÀº covalent bonding, ionic bonding, hydrophobic bondingÀÇ ¼øÀÌ´Ù ( ).
(2) »ýüÀÇ ¸ðµç »ýÈÇÐ ¹ÝÀÀÀº ¿¿ªÇÐ Á¦1, 2, 3 ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù( ).
(3) ¿À·£ ÁøÈ°úÁ¤ Áß enzymeÀÌ biocatalyst·Î ÁøÈ°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¼±º°µÇ¾ú´Ù( ).
(4) ¼ö¼Ò³ª ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ÀÒ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀº ȯ¿ø¹ÝÀÀÀÌ´Ù( ).
(5) ½Ä¹°Àº ¿¡³ÊÁö¿øÀ̳ª ź¼Ò¿øÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù¸é chemoheterotrophÀÌ´Ù( ).
(6) ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»êÀº Ä£¼ö¼º±âÀÎ amido±â¿Í ¼Ò¼ö¼º±âÀÎ carbonyl±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù( ).
(7) »ýÈÇÐ ¹ÝÀÀ Áß ¹°ÀÌ Ã·°¡µÇ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀ» hydrationÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù( ).
(8) »ýüÀÇ metabolismÀº ¼·ÃëÇÑ ¿µ¾ç¼Ò¸¦ anabolism reactionÀ¸·Î ºÐÇØÇÏ¿© ATP¸¦ ¾ò°í, ÀÌÀÇ ¿©ºÐÀ» catabolism reaction¿¡ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© »ýü°íºÐÀÚ¸¦ ÇÕ¼ºÇÑ´Ù( ).
(9) DNAÀÇ Á¤º¸´Â transcription°úÁ¤À» ÅëÇÏ¿© mRNA·Î ¿Å°ÜÁö°í, ÀÌ mRNA´Â ribosomeÀÌ ÀÖ´Â golgi body·Î °¡¼ translation °úÁ¤À» °ÅÃÄ proteinÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù.( )
(10) ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Ù ³²Àº À׿©ÀÇ ´Ü¹éÁúÀº molecular chaperone¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© lysosome¿¡¼ ºÐÇصȴÙ( ).
´ÙÀ½¿¡ ´äÇϽÿÀ (10Á¡). *º» 11-13 ¹®Ç×Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÃÖ°í µæÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î äÁ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
(11) DNAÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
(12) ´Ü¼¼Æ÷¿Í ´Ù¼¼Æ÷ »ý¹°ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡À» ¿°ÅÇϽÿÀ.
(13) H2O°¡ H2Sº¸´Ù ÁøÈ°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¼±ÅÃµÈ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
(14) Microtubule(¶Ç´Â microfilament)ÀÇ »ýü ³» ±â´É¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ.
´ÙÀ½¿¡ ´äÇϽÿÀ. *º» 14-15 ¹®Ç×Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÃÖ°í µæÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î äÁ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù(60Á¡).
(15) ¼¼Æ÷ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ÇÑ ½ÅÈ£¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀϾ´Â ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àü °úÁ¤À» ±×¸²À¸·Î ±×·Á ¼³¸íÇÏ°í, ƯÈ÷ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ).
¨çsignal/ligand, ¨èreceptor, ¨éG-coupled protein, ¨êphosphate, ¨ëJNK, p38, ERK, ¨ìtranscription factor, ¨ímRNA, ¨îrough endoplasmic reticulum/golgi body, ¨ïproteasome, ¨ðchaperone, ¨ñimmune response, ¨òhomeostasis
º¸³Ê½º ¹®Á¦(5Á¡; ½ÃÇè ÈÄ ¼ö°ÇлýÀÇ Âù¹Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¡¼ö ºÎ¿©)
³ëº§(1833~1896)Àº ÀڱⰡ Á×±â Àü¿¡ ´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ® Àå»ç·Î ºÎ¸¦ ÃàÀûÇÏ´ø Áß, ºÎ°í(ݵͱ; obituary)°¡ À߸øµÇ¾î ±â»çȵǾú´Âµ¥, ±× ±â»ç°¡ ¡®Á×À½ÀÇ »óÀÎ, Á×´Ù¡¯·Î µÇ¾î¼ ÀÌ ±â»ç¸¦ º¸°í Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ Ãæ°ÝÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ³ëº§Àº Àü Àç»êÀ» ±âºÎÇÏ¿© ³ëº§»óÀ» Á¦Á¤ÇÏ¿© ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁö ±×ÀÇ À̸§À» ¾Ë¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀº À§ÀÇ ¹®ÀåÀ» ÀϾî¸é¼ ¾î¶² ´À³¦À» ¹Þ¾Ò´ÂÁö¸¦ 50´Ü¾î ÀÌ»ó ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¼ºÇØ º¸½Ã¿À.
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*´ÙÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¿ø¸®/°¡¼³¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ
(°¢ ¹®Ç×Àº ÀÀ½ÃÀÚ Áß ÃÖ°íÁ¡À» ¸¸Á¡À¸·Î ÇÏ¿© »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î äÁ¡ÇÔ).
(1) »ýü ³» ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç¿¡¼ ATP°¡ ¡®biological cash¡¯¶ó°í ÇÏ¿© °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÌ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á߽ɴܾî(key words)¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ë(Àû»ö ¶Ç´Â box·Î Ç¥±â)ÇÏ¿© ¿Ö ATP°¡ »ýü ¿¡³ÊÁö ´ë»ç¿¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ (50Á¡).
ž翡³ÊÁö, Áö±¸, ÁøÈ, ribozyme, ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ±¤ÇÕ¼º, Starch, Glucose, ÇØ´ç°úÁ¤, TCA cycle, Glycolysis, Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, Coupled reaction
(2) ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Á߽ɴܾî(key words)¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¿ë(Àû»ö ¶Ç´Â box·Î Ç¥±â)ÇÏ¿© ³í¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ (30Á¡).
DNA, Rproduction, Semi-conservative Replication, mRNA, Ribosome, Golgi body, Protein, Enzyme, Signal
(3) 2015³â 10¿ù 12ÀÏ ¿ÀÀü8½Ã ÇöÀç, ¹Ì±¹ NCBIÀÇ PubMed¿¡¼ ³í¹®°Ë»öÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ERK, p38, JNK¶õ ´Ü¾î 3°³°¡ µ¿½Ã¿¡ abstract¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â °úÇÐ³í¹®Àº 4703°³³ª °Ë»öµÇ¾ú´Ù (2008³â 10¿ù 6ÀÏ ¿ÀÀü9½Ã´Â 2311°³, 7³â¸¸¿¡ 2¹è ÀÌ»ó Áõ°¡!!!).
i) À§ 3°³ÀÇ ´Ü¾î(ERK, p38, JNK)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ligand-receptor ---> response¶õ ½ÅÈ£Àü´ÞÀÇ °úÁ¤°ú ¿¬°èÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇϽÿÀ (20Á¡).
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³ëº§(1833-1896)Àº ½º¿þµ§ÀÇ °úÇÐÀڷμ ´ç´ë¿¡ ´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ®, Æøź Á¦Á¶ »óÀÎÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì ºÎÀÚÀ̾úÀ¸³ª, ±×°¡ Á×±â 7³â Àü¿¡ ½Å¹®ÀÇ À߸øµÈ º¸µµ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ½Å¹®¿¡ ºÎ°í(obituary)°¡ ³µ´Âµ¥ ±× ¶§ ¡®Á×À½(ÆøźÀ» Á¦Á¶ÇÏ¿´±â¿¡)ÀÇ »óÀÎ, Á×´Ù¡¯¶ó°í ±â»ç°¡ ³µ´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ³ëº§ÀÇ ÀλýÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °è±â°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ÈÄ ³ëº§Àº Á×±â 7³â µ¿¾È ÀÚ±âÀÇ Àü Àç»êÀ» »çȸ¿¡ ȯ¿ø½ÃÅ°±â·Î ÇÏ°í Áö±Ý±îÁöµµ °úÇбâ¼ú°è¿¡ À̸§À» ¾Ë¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡®³ª´Â Á×¾î¼ ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±â¾ïµÇ±â¸¦ ¿øÇϴ°¡?¡¯ ¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» Àû¾î º¸½Ã¿À (Á¡¼ö ¾øÀ½. ¿ì¼öÇÑ ´äº¯Àº °Ô½ÃÇÏ°ÚÀ½).
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